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| Articles
by
S.S. Diarra |
Total Records (
12 ) for
S.S. Diarra |
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S.S. Diarra
,
D. Sandakabatu
,
D. Perera
,
P. Tabuaciri
and
U. Mohammed
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A three-week experiment was conducted to investigate the utilisation of a diet
based on Cassava Root Meal (CRM) and copra meal by finishing broiler chickens.
A total of (96) 21-day old Cobb broilers were used for the experiment. The birds
were weighed and allotted to 6 pens containing 16 birds each. A finisher diet
based on cassava and copra meal and a commercial broiler finisher diet were
fed each to 3 randomly selected pens for a period of 21 days. Results showed
poorer (p<0.05) final body weight, daily feed intake, daily gain and feed:
Gain ratio on the test feed compared to the control commercial feed, but feed
cost of meat production (WST$/kg live weight) was reduced (p<0.05) on the
test feed. Birds on the commercial feed had higher (p<0.05) carcass and breast
meat yields, while the yields of thighs and drumsticks were not affected (p>0.05)
by the diet. There were no treatment effects (p>0.05) on the weights of the
liver, heart and ceaca, but birds on the test feed recorded higher (p<0.05)
weights of the pancreas, gizzard and small intestine. Birds fed the control
commercial feed deposited more (p<0.05) fat than those fed the test feed.
It was concluded that cassava copra meal-based finisher diets could be used
to reduce cost of meat production and carcass fat content and thus meat quality
of broiler chickens. Further research into appropriate combinations of these
ingredients for optimum growth and feed utilisation by broilers is recommended. |
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S.S. Diarra
and
B.A. Usman
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In a 12 week experiment the effect of graded levels of soaked sesame seed meal
(SSM) as a source of methionine on the performance of laying hens was investigated.
In a completely randomized design, 200 black Australorp pullets aged 20 weeks
were allotted to 5 isonitrogenous diets with 4 replicates of 10 birds per diet.
Sesame seed meal (SSM) replaced soyabean meal (SBM) weight for weight at 0.00,
12.50, 37.50 and 50.00% in diet 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The control
diet contained synthetic methionine which was removed with the introduction of
SSM in the other diets. The results showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in
the hen-day egg production above 25.00% and egg weight above 12.50% levels of
replacement. Shell quality was not affected by dietary treatment. Feed cost (N/egg)
was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on the 12.50% replacement compared to the
37.50%. There was no treatment effect (P> 0.05) on the while blood cell count,
but packed cell volume was significantly (P< 0.05) lowered on the 50.00% and
haemoglobin concentration, serum protein, albumin and globulin above 12.50% levels
of replacement. These results suggest that replacing SBM with SSM at 12.50% in
the diet of laying hens will meet their methionine requirement without adverse
effects on performance and health status. |
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B.A. Usman
,
A.U. Mani
,
A.D. El - Yuguda
and
S.S. Diarra
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In order to study the development of Newcastle Disease (ND) in Japanese quail
subjected to high ambient temperature with or without supplementation with ascorbic
acid (AA), eighty 3 week-old Japanese quails were randomly allotted to four equal
groups. Two of the groups were kept at room temperature (26 ±0.5 °C) with
one supplemented with AA (RA) and the other receiving no AA (RO). The other two
groups were kept at a continuous temperature of 41.8 ±0.6 °C with one of
them supplemented with AA (HA) and other receiving no AA (HO). The group RO served
as the control. Ascorbic acid was supplemented at the rate of 1000mg/kg feed.
Twelve birds in each of four groups were challenged oculonsally with a pigeon
isolate of velogenic ND virus and the rest left as in contact. Morbidity rate
was 100% in all challenged and in contact birds except in the incontact of the
group supplemented with AA which recorded 50%. One hundred percent mortality was
recorded in heat stressed groups irrespective of AA supplementation while 0% and
50% mortality was recorded in those kept at room temperature with or without AA
supplementation respectively. None of the unchallenged in contact birds died in
any of the groups. Lesions of ND in the experimentally infected quails were characterized
by pathological lesions. The results of haemagglutination inhibition test performed
on blood samples of all birds on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post inoculations indicated
no effect of heat treatment or AA supplementation on the humoral immune response
of the Japanese quail. It was concluded that prolonged high ambient temperature
has detrimental effects on the survival of Japanese quail with AA supplementation
having some ameliorating effects. High ambient temperature may not adversely affect
the humoral immune response of Japanese quail to Newcastle disease and AA may
not be an important factor in the resistance of quails exposed to prolonged high
ambient temperature to ND virus infection. |
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S.S. Diarra
and
B.A. Usman
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In a 63-day experiment the effect of replacing maize with raw or cooked mango
kennel meal on the growth and blood parameters of broiler chickens was investigated.
One hundred and eighty (180) day-old Anak, 2000 broiler chicks (mixed sex) were
randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments containing 4 replicates of 15 chicks
each. The diets consisted of a maize - based (control) diet and 2 other diets
containing 20% of either raw (RMK) or boiled mango kernel (BMK) meal as a replacement
for maize. Boiling reduced the toxic factor (tannin) content of mango kernel by
up to 75.00%. During the starter phase (0-28 days) birds fed the RMK- based diet
ate significantly less feed, gained less weight and recorded a poorer feed conversion
ratio (FCR) than the control and the BMK - based diets, but there were no significant
dietary effects on these parameters during the finisher period (28-63 days). There
were no significant dietary effects on the haematological values but serum total
protein and globin were markedly reduced on the RMK fed group. From these results
it is concluded that 20% of the maize can be replaced with boiled mango kernel
meal in the diet of broilers without adverse effects on growth and blood parameters. |
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B.A. Usman
and
S.S. Diarra
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Mortality plays a major role in determining profitability of egg type layers,
as it is a function of culled and dead birds. Negative association between mortality
and net profit has been reported. Higher mortality and culling were reported to
be due to severe outbreaks of infectious/non-infectious diseases, accidental deaths,
substandard health and management practices and poor quality of chicks and feed.
Newcastle (ND), Infectious bursal disease (IBD), yolk sac infections and coccidiosis
were found to cause maximum mortality (over 30%) in egg type layers. Infectious
laryngotracheitis (IL) caused mortality within the range of 0.81 - 20% in layers.
Cannibalism was also reported to be a major cause of death in egg type layers.
A drop of 10-40% in egg production was found with the incidence of infectious
coryza, E. coli, mycoplasmosis, coccidiosis, egg prolapse and aflatoxicosis. Salmonellae were abundantly found in bedding material of chicken (42%), drinkers (36%), feed (28%) and water tanks (17%) of the poultry farm. Maintenance of a healthy environment in a poultry shed, protection of birds from extreme climatic conditions, maintenance of standard hygiene measures and antibiotic therapy, were reported as key factors in the reduction of losses due to diseases and mortality in egg type layers. |
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S.S. Diarra
,
B.A. Usman
,
J.U. Igwebuike
and
A.G. Yisa
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The ban of meat meal in poultry feed in most countries of the world and the high cost of fish meal have resulted in the increased use of plant products in poultry diets. However, phytate, which is the main storage form of phosphorus in plants, exerts antinutritional effects in poultry due to its ability to form insoluble complexes with essential minerals and proteins. In addition to these effects, the excretion of excess phosphorus into the environment is a serious cause of environmental pollution. Deactivation techniques such as boiling, fermentation, soaking and enzyme treatment have been used to reduce the level of phytate in plant materials. However, these techniques add to the cost and reduce the nutritional quality of the finished feed through the loss of nutrients. The modes of action of phytate in poultry, its distribution in plants, some common deactivation techniques and their limitations and certain intrinsic qualities of plants that can minimize the effects of phytate in the consuming animal are reviewed. The use of plant and animal breeding as an alternative to deactivation by physical and chemical methods and the use of enzymes are also highlighted. |
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I.D. Kwari
,
S.S. Diarra
,
B. Saleh
,
P.R. Bovoa
,
O.A. Ramat
and
D. Tochukwu
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An experiment was conducted at the University of Maiduguri Poultry Research Farm to investigate the total replacement of maize grain with different cultivars of sorghum in broiler finisher diets. Two hundred and forty broiler chickens aged 28 days weighing 540.96±9.26 g were randomly allotted to 24 pens. Six finisher diets containing 20% crude protein were formulated for the experiment. Diet 1 (control) was based on maize which was replaced in the other diets by one of five cultivars of sorghum grain. Each of the diets was fed to 4 randomly selected pens of 10 birds per pen using a completely randomized design. Feed intake, weight gain and final body weight were all reduced (p<0.05) on the sorghum-based diets compared to the control. These values were further reduced (p<0.05) on the Tumbuna sorghum compared to the other sorghum diets. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) however, did not show any superiority (p>0.05) of the control over the other diets. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters did not show any advantage of maize over the sorghum grains. It was concluded that although total replacement of maize with the sorghum grains has no apparent effects on the health of finishing broiler chickens, it is not beneficial when growth is the major performance response evaluated. |
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Kwari, I.D
,
S.S. Diarra
,
J.U. Igwebuike
,
I. Nkama
,
S. Issa
,
B.R. Hamaker
,
J.D. Hancock
,
M. Jauro
,
O.A. Seriki
and
I. Murphy
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The decrease in the production coupled with the numerous industrial
uses make maize an expensive energy ingredient for poultry feeding, thus the
need for research into cheaper alternatives. A 9-week experiment was conducted
to assess the effects of feeding low tannin sorghum grain as a replacement for
maize on the growth, haematology and carcass measurements of broiler chickens
at the Poultry Unit of University of Maiduguri Livestock Research Farm, Maiduguri,
Nigeria. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 5 dietary
treatments containing 3 replications of 20 chicks each. The diets contained
sorghum grains at 0.00, 25.00, 50.00, 75.00, and 100% respectively as a replacement
for maize. The starter and finisher diets were formulated to contain 23% and
20% crude protein respectively. The results of growth performance showed no
superiority of maize over sorghum grain in terms of weight gain and feed conversion
ratio, during both phases of growth (starter and finisher). Feeding sorghum
grain had no adverse effect on the haematological parameters analyzed. The yields
of carcass and cut-up parts were not adversely affected by the level of sorghum
grain in the diet. Similarly, there was no adverse effect of feeding sorghum
grain on the weight of vital organs (heart, liver and spleen). It was concluded
that low tannin sorghum can completely replace maize in broiler chickens diets
without compromising the growth, meat yield or the health of the birds. The
substitution is beneficial as it reduces competition between poultry and man
for the already scarce maize grain. |
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S.S. Diarra
and
P. Tabuaciri
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Poultry can only regulate their body temperature within a narrow range of environmental temperatures (between 16-26°C). In the tropics, environmental temperatures are usually above this zone during most part of the year. High ambient temperatures adversely affect the performance of poultry with meat-type birds being more susceptible than egg-type birds. The poor performance of poultry under high ambient temperatures is mainly as a result of decreased feed intake which consequently reduces growth and meat quality, egg production and egg quality and efficiency of feed utilization. Several feeding practices have been used to alleviate the adverse effects of high temperatures on poultry performance. Although most studies on nutritional management of heat stress have been carried out in broilers there are also few reports on nutritional management in laying hens under heat stress condition. Feed form (particle size, moisture content), nutrient manipulation (especially energy and protein), electrolyte and vitamin supplementation, feeding time/feed restriction, choice feeding and drinking water management have all proven to be beneficial to heat-stressed poultry. The present paper reviews some common feeding management practices used to alleviate the effect of high ambient temperatures on poultry performance as well as their limitations. |
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S.S. Diarra
and
A. Devi
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Three hundred 18 week-old Shaver Brown pullets (1,477.40±7.41 g) were allotted to 5 treatment groups containing 3 replicates of 20 pullets each. The treatments consisted of five feeding space allowances (FSA): 5.60, 8.40, 11.20, 14.00 and 16.80 cm/bird. Data were collected on feed consumption, weight change, egg production and feed conversion ratio (feed: dozen eggs) for a period of 20 weeks (18 to 38 weeks of age). All data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences reported at 5% probability. Mean feed consumption, body weight change and egg weight were not significantly affected by FSA. Pullets given access to FSA of 11.20, 14.00 and 16.80 cm/bird laid the first egg at a significantly younger age compared to those given 5.60 and 8.40 cm/bird. Hen-day egg production (HDP) and egg mass increased with increasing FSA up to 14.00 cm/bird. Hen-day production did not differ between the groups given 8.40 and 16.8 cm/bird. Groups given 5.60 cm/bird consumed more feed per dozen egg produced. The lowest feed consumption per dozen eggs was recorded on 11.20 and 14.00 cm FSA per bird. These results suggest that keeping the feeding space between 11.00 and 14.00 cm/hen will improve flock uniformity and reduce cost of egg production of Shaver Brown hens in the study area. |
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S.S. Diarra
and
A. Devi
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Cassava root meal which has been used as good alternative energy source in poultry and pig diets is increasingly becoming an important energy source for feeding the world’s human population. There are however, several by-products of cassava harvest ranging from the leaves, peels and pulp which have potential as feed ingredients in poultry rations. Cassava peels and pulps are moderate to high in energy and have been included in diets as replacements for conventional energy sources. Cassava leaves, moderate to good protein contents, have been used as protein supplements. Dietary recommendations of cassava by-products for poultry have varied considerably. The major factors limiting the efficient utilization of these by-products in poultry diets include the high fibre and low energy contents and likely presence of antinutritional factors, mainly hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the bitter variety of cassava. Several technologies have been used to improve the utilization of cassava by-products by poultry. The following paper reviewed the composition of some cassava by-products (leaves, peels and pulp), their recommendations for inclusion in poultry diets and processing methods to maximize their utilization by poultry. It was concluded that efficient use of cassava by-products will reduce feed cost of poultry production and provide additional source of income to cassava farmers and processors. |
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S. Smalling
,
S.S. Diarra
and
F. Amosa
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Background and Objective: High temperature and humidity are major challenges to poultry production in tropical countries. Several feeding strategies have been found to alleviate the effect of heat stress (HS) in poultry. This study aimed to ascertain the effects of feed physical form and water addition on the performance of finishing broilers in a hot humid environment. Materials ans Methods: A total of 180, three-week old, Cobb 500 broilers (1,207.8±22.09 g) were used for a 3-week study. Two forms of feed (whole pellet and ground pellet) were fed with 3 water: feed ratios (0; control, 0.15 and 0.3) to 3 replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Results: Results showed lower feed intake and better feed conversion ratio on whole pellet compared to ground pellet (p<0.05). Water addition and feed form had no effects on the relative weights of carcass, breast, thighs, drumsticks, organs (liver, crop, proventriculus, small intestine, caeca, gizzard and pancreas) and digesta content of gut segments (p>0.05). There were no interaction effects of feed form and water addition on growth parameters and the relative weights of carcass, organ and digesta in the gut segments. Conclusion: Feeding pellet is beneficial in term of feed utilization but wet feeding has no effects. Further studies on higher feed: water ratios and environmental temperatures are recommended. |
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