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Articles
by
R. C. Kessler |
Total Records (
3 ) for
R. C. Kessler |
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S Seedat
,
K. M Scott
,
M. C Angermeyer
,
P Berglund
,
E. J Bromet
,
T. S Brugha
,
K Demyttenaere
,
G de Girolamo
,
J. M Haro
,
R Jin
,
E. G Karam
,
V Kovess Masfety
,
D Levinson
,
M. E Medina Mora
,
Y Ono
,
J Ormel
,
B. E Pennell
,
J Posada Villa
,
N. A Sampson
,
D Williams
and
R. C. Kessler
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Context Gender differences in mental disorders, including more anxiety and mood disorders among women and more externalizing disorders among men, are found consistently in epidemiological surveys. The gender roles hypothesis suggests that these differences narrow as the roles of women and men become more equal.
Objectives To study time-space (cohort-country) variation in gender differences in lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders across cohorts in 15 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative and to determine if this variation is significantly related to time-space variation in female gender role traditionality as measured by aggregate patterns of female education, employment, marital timing, and use of birth control.
Design Face-to-face household surveys.
Setting Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific.
Participants Community-dwelling adults (N = 72 933).
Main Outcome Measures The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 18 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance disorders. Survival analyses estimated time-space variation in female to male odds ratios of these disorders across cohorts defined by the following age ranges: 18 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years and older. Structural equation analysis examined predictive effects of variation in gender role traditionality on these odds ratios.
Results In all cohorts and countries, women had more anxiety and mood disorders than men, and men had more externalizing and substance disorders than women. Although gender differences were generally consistent across cohorts, significant narrowing was found in recent cohorts for major depressive disorder and substance disorders. This narrowing was significantly related to temporal (major depressive disorder) and spatial (substance disorders) variation in gender role traditionality.
Conclusions While gender differences in most lifetime mental disorders were fairly stable over the time-space units studied, substantial intercohort narrowing of differences in major depression was found to be related to changes in the traditionality of female gender roles. Additional research is needed to understand why this temporal narrowing was confined to major depression. |
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Y Huang
,
R Kotov
,
G de Girolamo
,
A Preti
,
M Angermeyer
,
C Benjet
,
K Demyttenaere
,
R de Graaf
,
O Gureje
,
A. N Karam
,
S Lee
,
J. P Lepine
,
H Matschinger
,
J Posada Villa
,
S Suliman
,
G Vilagut
and
R. C. Kessler
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Background
Little is known about the cross-national population prevalence or
correlates of personality disorders.
Aims
To estimate prevalence and correlates of DSM–IV personality disorder
clusters in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH)
Surveys.
Method
International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) screening questions
in 13 countries (n = 21 162) were calibrated to masked IPDE clinical
diagnoses. Prevalence and correlates were estimated using multiple
imputation.
Results
Prevalence estimates are 6.1% (s.e. = 0.3) for any personality disorder and
3.6% (s.e. = 0.3), 1.5% (s.e. = 0.1) and 2.7% (s.e. = 0.2) for Clusters A, B
and C respectively. Personality disorders are significantly elevated among
males, the previously married (Cluster C), unemployed (Cluster C), the young
(Clusters A and B) and the poorly educated. Personality disorders are highly
comorbid with Axis I disorders. Impairments associated with personality
disorders are only partially explained by comorbidity.
Conclusions
Personality disorders are relatively common disorders that often co-occur
with Axis I disorders and are associated with significant role impairments
beyond those due to comorbidity. |
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D Levinson
,
M. D Lakoma
,
M Petukhova
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M Schoenbaum
,
A. M Zaslavsky
,
M Angermeyer
,
G Borges
,
R Bruffaerts
,
G de Girolamo
,
R de Graaf
,
O Gureje
,
J. M Haro
,
C Hu
,
A. N Karam
,
N Kawakami
,
S Lee
,
J. P Lepine
,
M. O Browne
,
M Okoliyski
,
J Posada Villa
,
R Sagar
,
M. C Viana
,
D. R Williams
and
R. C. Kessler
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Background
Burden-of-illness data, which are often used in setting healthcare
policy-spending priorities, are unavailable for mental disorders in most
countries.
Aims
To examine one central aspect of illness burden, the association of serious
mental illness with earnings, in the World Health Organization (WHO) World
Mental Health (WMH) Surveys.
Method
The WMH Surveys were carried out in 10 high-income and 9 low- and
middle-income countries. The associations of personal earnings with serious
mental illness were estimated.
Results
Respondents with serious mental illness earned on average a third less than
median earnings, with no significant between-country differences
(2(9) = 5.5–8.1, P = 0.52–0.79). These
losses are equivalent to 0.3–0.8% of total national earnings. Reduced
earnings among those with earnings and the increased probability of not
earning are both important components of these associations.
Conclusions
These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders have
high societal costs. Decisions about healthcare resource allocation should
take these costs into consideration. |
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