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Asphalt pavements subject to solar radiation can reach high temperature causing not only
environmental problems such as heat island effect on cities but also structural damage due to rutting or
hardening of road. The main aim of this research is to determine the maximum heat area in pavement where the
scope of study consists of field experiment under real atmospheric condition and laboratory testing. The rise
in temperature of water solvent flowing through the conduction of steel pipe was used as indicator of the
efficiency of heat capture. The data from field experiment had been collected using data logger and the reading
of temperature was recorded every 5 min for 24 h starting from 12-12 am the next day for 3 days to get the
average temperature reading of water solvent in steel pipes. Steel pipe with water solvent at depth of 50 mm has
the maximum temperature of heat area in pavement with highest thermal storage and can withst and the highest
vehicle loading applied on it.
Our understanding of crowd movements has rapidly improved over the course of the last decades.
This study shows that the empirical research has not kept up with the pace of the simulation studies. Based
on a large-scale of literature review, this study proposes a conceptual model describing the movements of
individuals within a crowd. The model features the relationships between the macroscopic flow variables and
characteristics of the pedestrians their physiologic environment and the surrounding infrastructure in which
they reside. Moreover, walking velocity is one of the factors that affect the movement of every pedestrian with
the difference of gender, age, culture and their physical abilities. Trajectory sets of basic data were gathered
during the observation among independently pedestrian at one of the most regularly used crosswalk by
pedestrians in Penang, Malaysia and the data sets have been analyzed. The results show that the data analysis
has proven that the walking velocity is different among every human with the difference in terms of physical
and psychological factors.
