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Glanders-A Re-emerging Zoonotic Disease: A Review |
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Amit Kumar Verma,
Mani Saminathan ,
Neha ,
Ruchi Tiwari ,
Kuldeep Dhama and Shoor Vir Singh |
Abstract:
Glanders is a contagious and highly fatal zoonotic disease
affecting horses, donkeys and mules as well as man leading to formation of nodules
and ulcerations in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. This is a notifiable
disease under Glanders and Farcy Act, 1899. The disease is caused by Burkholderia
mallei, a gram negative bacteria, non-spore forming, non-motile rod bacterium
and is a facultative intracellular pathogen. The disease has been eradicated
from many countries by testing and destruction diseased horses and restriction
of import of animals. However, the disease is endemic in Africa, Asia, Mongolia,
Middle East, Central and South America. In India, major glanders outbreaks were
reported between 1976 to 1982 from different parts of the country. Later, sporadic
cases were reported in 1988, 1990 and 1998. India was remained free of glanders
for 8 years until recent re-emerging outbreaks started from 2006 to 2011. The
occurrence of the disease leads to international trade restrictions. Glanders
is primarily a disease of equines which causes chronic disease in horses and
acute disease in donkeys and mules. Human is accidental host and the disease
usually results from occupational exposure. Though the organism is susceptible
to various antibiotics in vitro treatment is difficult and needs longer
course with combination of antibiotics upon early diagnosis. It can be used
as a biological weapon and has been classified by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) as a category B bio-threat agent and at present no vaccine
is available for this bacterium either in humans or animals. This review describes
this important disease covering its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical
signs, post-mortem lesions, public health significance, diagnosis, treatment
and prevention and control strategies to be adapted to combat this deadly zoonotic
pathogen.
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How to cite this article:
Amit Kumar Verma, Mani Saminathan , Neha , Ruchi Tiwari , Kuldeep Dhama and Shoor Vir Singh , 2014. Glanders-A Re-emerging Zoonotic Disease: A Review. Journal of Biological Sciences, 14: 38-51.
DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2014.38.51
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jbs.2014.38.51
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