Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of socio-economic factors and cytology in cervical erosion. A cross-sectional study involving 410 females in the reproductive age group was conducted in urban health centers in Hamedan city, Iran. Data were collected through interviews with women, gynecological examination in the clinics in the health centers and laboratory tests. Cervical erosion was detected in 68 (16.6%) females. Out of these mild dysplasia was seen in (8.8%) females. High percentages of inflammatory smears (58.8%) were obtained in women with cervical erosion. Cervical erosion was more common in illiterate and women with low literacy status as compared to women with higher education. Majority of cases of cervical erosion were detected in women with high parity. A statistically significant relationship was found between lower socio-economic status and cervical erosion (p< 0.05). Regular cytological screening by Pap smear will help in early detection of carcinoma cervix.