Abstract: Estimated gains from selection and interrelationships among seedling traits in two maize populations (UAF Population-1 and UAF Population-2) were evaluated using data from S1 families. In UAF Population-1, shoot fresh weight showed significant and positive genetic correlations with shoot fresh length and root fresh weight. Similar relationship was also observed between root fresh weight and root dry weight. Whereas shoot dry weight showed perfect positive genetic correlation (rg=1.04) with emergence rate index. In UAF Population-2, shoot fresh weight had positive and significant genetic correlations with shoot fresh length and root fresh weight. Whereas shoot dry weight showed perfect positive genetic correlations with shoot fresh length (rg=1.03) and shoot fresh weight (rg=1.01). The estimates of response to selection had greater magnitudes for shoot fresh weight in both populations (24.28 and 27.69%, respectively), which indicated that S1 family selection would be effective for improving seedling vigour. Thus, shoot fresh weight appeared to be the most appropriate indicator of seedling vigour.