Abstract: The present study has to investigated the relationship between diabetic retinopathy and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-6 in aqueous humor and plasma and also determination of VEGF gene expression. The current study was carried out on undiluted aqueous humor samples and the corresponding plasma samples of 24 diabetic patients (24 eyes) and 12 non diabetic patients (12 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery. VEGF and IL-6 were measured in aqueous humor and plasma samples by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits and total RNA content was measured and VEGF gene expression was analysed by RT-PCR. VEGF and IL-6 levels revealed a high significant rise in aqueous humor of diabetic patients and non-significant rise in plasma of the same patients. A high +ve correlation was found between VEGF and IL-6 in aqueous humor samples of diabetic patients. In addition, present results revealed increased expression of three molecular forms of VEGF (VEGF121, VEGF145, VEGF165) in diabetic patients. VEGF and IL-6 are produced together in the intraocular tissues and are involved in the pathogenesis of DR. VEGF gene expression is increased early in DR. So, anti-VEGF drugs may have future application for treatment of diabetic retinopathy.