Abstract: We attempt to review all databases from which data on medical malpractices and complaints on Iranian health system were presented. We systematically searched PubMed, Medline, four national databases and hand-searched three relevant journals from 1991 to 2011. After quality appraisal, data was extracted from the literature and analyzed using qualitative synthesis approach. Twenty-four reports on the medical malpractice in various medical specialties, dentistry and pharmacy were reviewed. A total of 8394 complaints out of 16584 cases were found related to medical malpractice in Iran from 1991-2011. The highest number of medical malpractice reported, were from the capital city following by eastern north part and central part of Iran. The highest risk of medical liability lawsuits were observed in obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedy, general surgery and ophthalmology. Studies only focused on some elements of the problem and rarely on process-related or systematic causes of malpractice and medical errors. There is substantial variation in the likelihood of malpractice suits across specialties. Despite considerable financial impacts of healthcare fraud and malpractice, this aspect of the problem had received even less attention.