Abstract: This study investigated the relationships between entrepreneurial leadership and innovative behavior in 224 dyads of technological supervisors and subordinates from military arsenals of Materiel Production Center, Armament Bureau and Ministry of National Defense. The results indicated that entrepreneurial leadership positively influenced innovative behavior through the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy; moreover, the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on innovative behavior was moderated by openness to experience and extraversion, such that lower openness to experience and extraversion exhibited stronger positive effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on innovative behavior. The directions for further research and implications are discussed in the conclusion.