Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare cervical and uterine cytology of the postpartum endometritis and bacterial isolate groups in Holstein dairy cows. Four hundred two postpartum dairy cows from 13 commercial dairy herds were examined once between 21 and 35 days postpartum and 86 Holstein cows with postpartum endometritis were sampled. Endometritis was diagnosed by external observation, rectal palpation, vaginal exam, ultrasonography and cervical and uterine cytological examinations. Bacterial swabs were collected using a transcervical double-guarded swab. In total, cows were classified by clinical signs severity, ovarian status and bacterial culture results. The neutrophil percentage in cervical mucosa and uterine fluid of the cows affected by Arcanobacterium pyogenes and clinical signs of purulent discharge (E3) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than other groups. The large vacuolated epithelial cells percentage in cervical mucosa were higher significantly (p<0.05) than that percentage in uterine fluid. The result of this study couldn’t show any significant differences between neutrophils percentages of cervical mucosa and uterine fluid smear in cows with three classifications. Therefore, cervical sample is practical and applicable in all commercial herds. In conclusion, the cytological evaluation of cervical smear at fresh cows is suitable for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis, planning for treatment and prognosis of fertility after voluntary waiting period of dairy cows.