Abstract: Background and Objective: Algeria got a rich genetic patrimony unknown and unvalued. The Atlas pistachio tree, a vanishing species, which presents an ecological and a socio-economical interest. It is an important patrimony. In order to develop this specie an eventual variability in these stocks to valorize, rehabilitate and protect them. The aim of the study was evaluation of the genetic variability of anatomic parameters of the leaves in the stock of Rechaiga. Materials and Methods: Fifty two samples (folioles limb) were studied histologically, to characterize leaf structure and estimated the targeted population genetic variability. The data of different measurements in this study have been analyzed statistically (ANOVA one-way and dendrogram elaboration) by Statistica 8.0. Results: The results showed a high variability of the structural characters (thickness of the lacunae and palisade parenchyma, the thickness of the epiderm, the diameter of the ligneous ducts and the number of the ex-secretors channels) between males and females. Conclusion: This study noted that, the foliar structure of the atlas pistachio tree has an important variability at the individuals of the two studied sexes. It was noticed that this variability is rather marked at the individuals of the females compared to that of the males.