Abstract: The properties of bamboo are unique compared to solid wood and other ligno- and non-lignocellulosic materials especially for manufacturing, designing and construction usages. Recent technological advancements for bamboo processing has proven the positive advantages of bamboo for various interior and exterior applications including furniture, bio-composites, packaging, transport, building and so on. The variability in size, length and diameter of bamboo, its growth and production is a big challenge for their applications as bio-based material along with durability. Since bamboo has a low durability, protection against biotic and abiotic degradation. Since it has vital importance for its longer service life. Preservation and modification treatment of bamboo are therefore regarded as a necessity. Those preservation and modification techniques would ensure the quality and durability of bamboo resulting sustainability and advanced engineering utilization of bamboo. This article reviews the preservation and modification techniques of bamboo which are crucial for advanced products manufacturing and utilization. The article also summarizes the importance of preservation and modification process, its principles and the challenges in quality and durability enhancement of bamboo products. At the end of the article, applications specially the modern one has also been discussed along with its further advancement.