ABSTRACT
During entomological surveys conducted by the author in the whole of Balochistan province, a single female of Sergentomyia (Parratomyia) grekovi Khodukin (1929) was collected from Sibi on 25.3.2001 and Sergentomyia (Parratomyia) freetownensis Sinton (1930) var was collected (N=10) from five localities. These localities appear to be the new records of these species from Balochistan and Pakistan. Morphology of taxonomic characters not reported and measured previously, are also described in the present paper. Key for the identification of these Pakistanese species is constructed. Comparative analysis of Balochistan specimen with the published data of this species from other territories is also given.
PDF Abstract XML References Citation
How to cite this article
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2004.743.750
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2004.743.750
INTRODUCTION
Sergentomyia grekovi was described by Khodukin[1] from Tashkent. Thereafter, it was recorded by Mesghali[2] from North Eastern Iran. A single male of this species was found by Theodor and Mesghali[3] in Meshhad, Iran, but they gave no descriptive account of morphological characters. Perfiliev[4] gave description and illustrations of buccal cavity, pharynx, spermatheca and male terminalia. Lewis[5] described it from Gilgit, Pakistan (2 ♀ and one ♂) and sketched wing, cibarium, pharynx and spermatheca of ♀ and cibarium, pharynx and ♂ terminalia. Therefore, papillae, hypopharynx, mandible were neither figured nor measured. Palps, antennae, labrum and cibarium, pharynx, pharyngeal armature and spermatheca were also not figured and not measured respectively. Artemiev,[6,7] described it from Afghanistan but he did not reported details of characters like palp, A3 ascoid, papilla, hypopharynx, mandible, measurements of cibarium, pharynx, spermatheca and furca. Artemiev[7] also did not furnish figures of palp, A3, ascoid, papilla, hypopharynx, mandible, genital atrium and furca of female of S. grekovi.S. freetownensis. Newstead[8] collected interesting ♂ and ♀ sandflies from mid Luanga River, North East Rhodesia, (now Zimbabwe) in August, 1910. Newstead[9] described it under the name Phlebotomus minutus var. africanus and separated it from P. minutus, Rondani on account of its dark colour and of certain differences in external morphology. Adler and Theodor[10] observed ♀ P. minutus var. africanus with characteristic features of Spermathecae, pharynx and buccal cavity that were strikingly and constantly different from the corresponding parts of P. minutus and concluded that it cannot be maintained as a variety and must by raised to the rank of a distinct species with the name P. africanus. Many varieties of this species have been created since 1926. Adler and Theodor[11] described P. africanus from Palestine in which armature of buccal cavity consists of 40-50 teeth and without anterior point like punctiform denticles. Adler et al.[12] described P. africanus from the Belgian Congo with no anterior small teeth in the buccal cavity. Sinton[13] described a new species named P. africanus var. magnus (♀) from Transvaal, South Africa, which differs from the typical africanus of Palestine and India in its larger size, its broader and less lanceolate wings, the larger size of α and δ, buccal teeth about 40 in number, spermatheca is relatively longer and narrower being about 2, ¾ times as long as broad. Theodor[14] stated that the form which occurs in the Sudan and Congo is typical and shows buccal armature (of about 30 to 33 in number) of the ♀ of this form with anterior punctiform teeth at the base of every second tooth, whereas buccal cavity of P. africanus var. asiaticus has 44-50 teeth and the row of small point like denticles absent. Kirk and Lewis[15] pointed out that several species have been recorded as P. africanus in the past and many varieties had been created since 1926. Theodor[16] placed P. africanus in the genus Sergentomyia. Kirk and Lewis[17] suggested that P. africanus and its allies be regarded as P. freetownensis Sinton[18] which was described from a single ♀ specimen collected by Sir Rickard Christophers at Sierra Leone in September, 1928. They observed that P. freetownensis was found identical in description and figures with the form described by Sinton[13] as P. africanus var. magnus. They also concluded that in case of the other varieties of P. africanus if any, these should be regarded as varities of P. freetownensis Sinton. Theodor[19] placed P. africanus in genus Sergentomyia. Lewis[5] while describing phlebotomine sandflies from Pakistan pointed out that the specimens presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by Sinton came from West Pakistan and he, Sinton, differentiated S. africanus asiatica from African form (now known as S. africanus magna) by the absence in asiatica of punctiform cibarial denticles and the presence of more (40-50) horizontal teeth and few long pharyngeal teeth at the posterior narrow part of the pharynx of the ♀. He too, did not furnish measurements neither illustration of diagnostic characters of S. africanus asiatica from Pakistan. Lewis[20] while treating the Pakistani form as a form of S. africanus magna, reported the cibarium of ♀ with 45-50 teeth in a concave row, pigment patch concave posteriorly and pharynx with long teeth and oblong sprematheca but he did not supply measurements of wing, palp, antennae, cibarium, pigment patch, pharynx, ♂ terminalia and ♀ genitalia nor he furnished drawings of these taxonomic characters. However, P. africana was reported by Rab et al.[21] from Uthal area of Balochistan and P. africana asiatica (Theodor) (originally from Sindh as reported in Sintons notes) was re-mentioned by Lewis[5]. These authors did not furnish morphology, measurements and figures of the taxonomic characters of this species.
To fill these gap of knowledge, an extensive taxonomic study of the species of sandflies was carried out by the present author in the whole of the Balochistan Province during 1996-2001 and 2013 sandflies comprising of the genera Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia and Grassomyia were collected[22]. In view of insufficient descriptions of Adler and Theodor, Artemiev, Khodukin, Kirk and Lewis, Lewis, Mesghali, Newstead, Perfiliev, Rab et al., Sinton, Theodor, Theodor and Mesghali (loc.cit.), S. grekovi and S. freetownensis are redescribed here in detail. Taxonomic characters not measured and figured by earlier workers are measured and illustrated in the present paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For collection, processing, preservation, dissection, mounting of the specimens and observation of external and anatomic parts of the sandflies, the conventional techniques especially those used by Johnson et al.[23], Killick-Kendrick[24], Killick Kendrick et al.[25], Lawyer et al.[26] and Lewis[27] were followed. For the species identification of sandflies, keys furnished by Artemiev[7], Kirk and Lewis[28], Lewis[5,20], Perfiliev[4], Sinton[18,13] were consulted. Measurements are in millimeter (mm). All the diagrams were drawn with the camera lucida and are to the given scales. Specimens are housed in the Authors collection of sandflies, Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta.
RESULTS
Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) grekovi Khodukin[1] (Text-Fig. 1 and Table 1)
Phlebotomus grekovi Khodukin[1], Medskaya mysl. Tashk., Suppl:101, Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) grekovi Khodukin, Theodor[19], Die Fliegender Palaearktischen Region, 9C :44, Lewis[5], Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.).,19 :32, Perfiliev[4]:319, Artemiev[6] Medskaya Parazit.,45: 425, Lewis[20], Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.)., 37: 262; Artemiev[7] : 27.
Female: 1 specimen was examined (Fig. 1). Wings were missing. Palp (Fig. A), 0.53 mm long, palpal formula 1, 2, 4, 3, 5. P3 has about 30-40 Newsteads sensillae at basal third of segment 3. Head 0.36 mm long, 0.336 mm broad, eye 0.16 mm long, and 0.104 mm broad, and distance between eyes 0.112 mm. A3 (Fig. 1B) 0.13 mm long, ascoid very long (0.04 mm), position of ascoid=0.66, position of papilla=0.787. A3 is 0.36x length of head, 0.70x length of labrum, 0.189x combined length of A4+5. AIV (Fig. 1C, lower) 0.072 mm long, ascoid length=0.044, position of ascoid=0.4, position of papilla 0.73, ascoid 4/A4=0.5550.611. AV (Fig. 1C, upper) 0.072 mm long, ascoid length 0.04, position of ascoid=0.39. Ascoid 5/A5=0.611. Antennal segments III and IV have a single prominent papilla. On both it was situated at the mid length of the ascoid. The positions of the papillae on segments are: AIII, 0.78, AIV, 0.73. The positions of the ascoids on segments were: AIII, 0.66, AIV, 0.4, AV, 0.39. AIII was smaller than A4+5 (0.88). There are two ascoids on AIII to XV. Labrum (Fig. 1D) 0.185 mm long, 45 small, narrow, compact apical sensillae, sensillae depth 0.032 mm. Hypopharynx (Fig. 1E) 0.014 mm broad, a dental depth of 0.028 mm. Mandible (Fig. 1F) narrow, 8 teeth per 0.008 mm, a dental depth 0.048 mm. Cibarium (Fig. 1G) 0.046 mm broad, about 11 long parallel teeth (each tooth about 0.008 mm long) on an almost straight row, a few punctiform denticles at the base of teeth, a dark triangular pigmented area (0.04 mm long and 0.02 mm broad) on the background of the teeth with an irregular forward broad extension and an irregular basal part, chitinous arch well developed at sides and postero-lateral edges of cibarium knob like.
Fig. 1: | Camera Lucida drawings of ♀ Sergentomyia grekovi collected from Balochistan (Pakistan) showing: palp (A), third (B), fourth (C, lower) and fifth (C, upper) antennal segments, labrum (D), hypopharynx (E), mandible (F), cibarium (G), pharynx (H), spermatheca (I) |
Pharynx (Fig. 1H) 0.16 mm long, not dilated posteriorly, length 3.3 times greatest breadt is about 1.5 times the narrowest anterior portion. Armature 0.016 mm long, in the form of weak, short, transverse lines at the base of pharynx, armature is 0.1x length of pharynx. Spermatheca (Fig. 1I) small, almost oval 0.008 mm long and 0.006 mm broad, furca, 0.056 mm long.
% : Not came in the collection of present survey.
Distribution: Balochistan. Present survey, New Record. Sibi, a single ♀ was collected by the author on 25. iii. 2001 using sticky traps from the campus of the Government Degree College. This locality is an important focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Northern areas of Pakistan: Gilgit[5]. Afghanistan[6,7]. Central Asia[1,4]. Iran Sabzevar in N.E Iran[2], Meshhad (a single ♂)[3].
Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) freetownensis Sinton[18] var.
(Text-Figs. 2. and Table 2)
Phlebotomus minutus var. africanus, Newstead[9], Bull. Ent. Res., 3: 363;[10], Bull. Ent. Res.,16: 401;[11], Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 21: 63, P. africanus[12], Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 18: 72 (♂ ♀) P. freetownensis. Sinton[18], Indian J. Med. Res., 18: 171-193.
Fig. 2: | Camera Lucida drawings of ♀ Sergentomyia freetownensis Sinton var. collected from Balochistan (Pakistan) showing: wing (A), palps (B), the third (C), the fourth (D, lower), and fifth (D, upper) antennal segments, unequal sized ascoids on antennal terminal segments (D 1), labrum (E), maxilla (F), mandible (G), hypopharynx (H), apical and lateral smooth margin of hypopharynx (I), cibarium (J), cibarial teeth (K), anterior denticles (L), pigment patch (M), a triangular anterior extension of pigment patch (N), pharynx (O), spermatheca (P), genital atrium (Q), genital furca (R) |
Female: 98 specimens were examined (Fig. 2). Wing (Fig. 2A), much more pointed and relatively narrow, 1.36 (1.32-1.40) mm long, 0.329 (0.304-0.344) mm broad, α= 0.17(0.144-0.20) mm, β=0.27 (0.224-0.32) mm, δ=0.07 (0.064-0.08) mm, in 2 specimens from Bela, δ was measured to be zero, γ= 0.224 (0.20-0.24) mm, π=0.12 (0.08-0.16) mm, alar index=0.629 (0.625-0.642). Palps (Fig. 2B) 0.48-0.50 mm long, palpal ratio 1:2.42:3.62:4.12:7.31 and formula 1,2,3,4,5, or 1,2,3-4,5, Newsteads sensillae are situated at the basal third of segment 3 and are about 20-30 in number. A3 (Fig. 2C) 0.106 (0.11-0.12) mm long, 0.785x length of labrum 0.841x length of A4+5, 0.077x length of wing, ascoid on A3=0.022 (0.020-0.024) mm long, ascoid 3/A3=0.207. A4 (Fig. 2D, lower) 0.063 (0.062-0.065) mm long, ascoid on A4=0.022 (0.020-0.024) mm long, ascoid 4/A4=0.349. A5 (Fig. 2D, upper) 0.065 (0.062-0.067) mm long, ascoid on A5=0.023 (0.02-0.024) mm long, ascoid 5/A5=0.365.
Table 1: | Comparison of taxonomic characters of Sergentomyia grekovi Khodukin (1929) |
Antennal segments III and IV have a single prominent papilla (Fig. 2C-2D). On A3 and A4 it is usually anterior to the tip of the ascoid. The positions of the ascoids on the segments are: AIII, 0.716, AIV, 0.322 and AV, 0.312. There are 2 ascoids on segments III to XV. Ascoids on each segment specially the terminal ones are unequal in size (Fig. 2D1). Labrum (Fig. 2E) 0.135 (0.13-0.14) mm long, 0.028 mm broad, 0.099x length of wing, with 3-4 small narrow, apical sensilla and about 14 adorals small, sensillae depth 0.036 mm. Maxilla (Fig. 2F) with 9 lateral and 35 ventral teeth and a dental depth of 0.07 mm. Mandible (Fig. 2G) narrow, 0.011 mm broad, small uniform teeth, 7 re-curved teeth per 0.008 mm. Hypopharynx (Fig. 2H) apical and lateral margins of hypopharynx are weakly undulating or smooth. Cibarium (Fig. 2J) 0.059 (0.058-0.060) mm broad, comb like cibarial armature consisting of 60-70 parallel, straight teeth, the extreme lateral ones slightly bigger (0.007 mm long) than the median ones (0.006 mm long) standing on an arc concave posteriorly (Fig. 2K). Besides this, a row of pointed anterior denticles is present, each of these being situated at the base of every 3 rd or 4 th tooth (Fig. 2L). Pigment patch large (Fig. 2M), dark, brown in the form of a crescent strongly curved, 0.046 mm long, 0.014 mm broad and prolonged anteriorly by a yellowish triangular extension (Fig. 2N), pigmented area, not occupying the whole width of cibarium, pigmented plate with thickened lateral arms appear almost rounded ends and posterior margin is concave. Very often pigment patch obscuring the cibarial teeth, chitinous arch ill developed at center, but lateral flanges heavily dark brown pigmented as dark as pigmented plate. Pharynx (Fig. 2O) flask shaped, slightly widened in its posterior half and narrowing again posteriorly, pharynx 0.12-0.13 mm long, 0.024 mm fore width, 0.05 mm hind width, 0.04 mm basal width, height of armature 0.022 (0.020.024) mm, 0.1660.184x length of pharynx. The anterior edge of armature formed an almost straight line. Armature composed of 5-6 rows of backwardly directed short points in its posterior part. Most of the armature confined to the basal part of the pharynx. The length of the pharynx is about 2.4-2.6 times its greatest breadth and pharynx is 2.08 times as wide posteriorly as anteriorly. Spermatheca (Fig. 2P) elongated oval capsule, 0.022 mm long, 0.009 mm broad with apical head of capsule 0.005 mm long, 0.004 mm broad, spermatheca open into a narrow duct which open jointly into genital atrium (Fig. 2Q) which is 0.04-0.048 mm broad, genital furca (Fig. 2R) 0.068-0.84 mm long.
For the abovementioned morphological differences, the author has treated the present flies as a S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var.
Male: Not known from Balochistan during the present study.
Distribution: Balochistan. New Record Present survey: Bela, Khuzdar, Sibi, Uthal, Vinder. These localities are important foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sandflies were collected from indoors and outdoors using mouth aspirators.
Key for the identification of Pakistanese S. grekovi and S. freetownensis: Cibarium with 1 or more rows of teeth, pigment patch usually present, hind ends of abdominal tergites2-6 usually with all or most hairs recumbent, most sockets much smaller than on 1, style of ? with four major spines and an accessory seta Y YYYYYYYYYYYYY Genus Sergentomyia.
A comb like cibarial armature, lamp-glass-shaped pharynx, and elliptical capsular spermatheca ......................... YYYYYY....ubgenus Parratomyia Comparison of taxonomic characters of Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) freetownensis Sinton (1930) var. from Balochistan and the published data of sub species of africana group from other territories shape YYYYYYYYYY................ ♀ S. grekovi.
Table 2: | Cibarium with 11 long parallel teeth on an almost straight row, a few punctiform denticles at the base of these teeth, A3=0.13 mm long, spermatheca small, almost oval in |
Cibarium with comb like cibarial teeth (parallel and straight) arranged on a concave row, pigment patch large, dark brown, very often pigment patch obscuring cibarial teeth, A3=0.11- 0.12 mm long, spermatheca elongated oval capsule ....... YYYYY.♀ S. freetownensis.
DISCUSSION
The measurements of various taxonomic characters of S. grekovi show considerable morphological differences when compared with the published data of this species from other territories (Table 1). Balochistan forms are found to differ in characters like shorter A3, A3/ labrum and fewer cibarial teeth from the form of north Pakistan[5] and Central Asia[4]. However, it is closely resembling in characters viz., A3<A4+5, labrum and morphology of nearly spherical spermatheca. Lewis[20] pointed out that Artemiev[6] noted much variation in number of cibarial teeth and possibly indicating more than one form in Afghanistan. However, more specimens are needed for study.
S. grekovi is a Central Asiatic species and is very uncommon in Pakistan. Its present record from Balochistan suggests its western limit of distribution starting from north east of Iran as its eastern border, and extending to north to Central Asia through northern Pakistan. There are no published reports incriminating S. grekovi, which is thought to be non-thermophilic and vector of reptilian leishmaniasis[7] and presumably plays no part in transmitting Leishmania to man.
The morphology and measurements of various taxonomic characters of S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var. show considerable differences when compared with the published data of this species and its related sub-species from other territories (Table 2). Pakistani form is found slightly differing in characters like shorter wing, A3, labrum, A3/labrum with P. freetownensis Sinton[18] (from Sierra Leone), P. africanus var. magnus Sinton[13] (from South Africa), P. freetownensis var. magnus Sinton (from Congo,Transvaal, South Africa)[28], P. freetownensis var. eremitis Parrot and de Joliniere (from Al-Ahaggar and TamanvassetAlgeria)[28]. However, Pakistani form is observed more closely resembling with the description given by Parrot and de Joliniere[30] for specimens from Algeria and Sudan. Further, Pakistani form is found corresponding well in taxonomic characters like palpal formula (1,2,3,4, 5), A3<A4+5, ascoids on terminal segments are of unequal size, ascoid formula (2/ IIIXV), 60-65 parallel, straight, long, cibarial teeth, (lateral ones are slightly larger than the central ones) arranged on an arc slightly concave posteriorly, at the base of teeth, there are small dot like punctiform denticles, pigment plate in the form of a crescent with broad rounded ends not occupying the whole width of cibarium and finally, morphology of pharyngeal teeth. Pakistani form is observed, further, showing a slight difference with P. freetownensis. var. eremitis Parrot and de Joliniere in characters like : alar index (Pakistani form, 0.629, Algeria and Sudan form,0.47-0.65)[28] and ascoid 4 /A4 (Pakistani form, 0.349, Algeria and Sudan form, 0.3)[28]. On the evidence of the foregoing morphological details of the Pakistani specimens, the author has treated the present collection as S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var. It is important to note that while discussing S. africana complex mainly from Africa, Lewis[20], however, admitted that no certain specimens of the Pakistani form were available with him.
The results of present study show that S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var. is not an uncommon species (110/2013, 5.5%) and has a localized distribution in Balochistan.
There are no published reports incriminating S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var. which is thought to be zoophilic and presumably plays no part in transmitting Leishmania to man.
Differential diagnosis of S. freetownensis Sinton[18] var.: So far two species of Africana group i.e Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) africana magna Sinton form asiatica Theodor, which has been reported and described by the absence of in asiatica from Sindh: punctiform cibarial teeth and presence of 45-50 teeth) by Lewis[5]. S. africana has been reported by Rab et al.[21] from Uthal. However, they both did not supply the details, measurements and figures details of the diagnostic characters of these species. The morphology of the diagnostic characters like cibarial and pharyngeal armature and other features easily differentiates S.freetownensis Sinton[18] var. collected during the present study with other related sub-species and varieties as under.
S. africana magna (Sinton) form asiatica: ♀ has 45-50 horizontal cibarial teeth in a concave row and no punctiform anterior denticles. There was no median notch in the ventral plate. The pharynx has few long teeth[5, 20].
S. freetownensis (Sinton): has a tri-radiate pigmented area with thickened lateral arms, which show rounded ends. The armature consists of a line of narrow parallel teeth about 60 in number arranged in a curved line with the concavity posteriorly. Pharynx was flask shaped, the widest posterior portion being about 2.½ times as broad as the narrow anterior part, the length is nearly 3 times the greater breadth. The armature consists of rows of very numerous fine teeth. The bases of which were distinctly separated from each other. The spermatheca was an elongated oval structure[18].
S. africana var. magna (Sinton): This species differs in several particulars from the descriptions of P. africanus from Palestine given by Adler and Theodor[10,11] and by Sinton[18] and more closely resemble that of given by Adler et al.[12] for specimens from the Belgian Congo. This variety more closely resembles with S. freetownensis Sinton[18], but the cibarial teeth were only 40 in number and with no punctiform denticles. This variety also differs from the S. africanus asiaticus of Palestine and India in its larger size, its broader and less lanceolate wings and with relatively longer and narrower spermathecae[28].
S. freetownensis var. eremitis: Parrot and de Joliniere[30]. It was described by Parrot and de Joliniere[29] using 10 ♀ and 24 ♀ captured from Amgel and Tamanrasset, Algeria. This variety corresponds well with the specimens collected from Pakistan during the present study. From the measurements and morphology it appears that this variety more closely resembles Pakistani form in A3, labrum, A3/labrum, ascoids 4/A4, ascoids of each segments shorter and stout but the terminal ones are of unequal in size, ascoid formula (2/ 315), cibarium with 60- 65 teeth, the external lateral ones slightly bigger than the median ones, at the bases of these teeth is a row of about a dozen punctiform denticles, pigment patch not occupying the whole of the breadth of cibarium and pharynx with well developed spines pointing backward[28].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Professors Drs. R. Killick-Kendrick, David J. Bradley, R.W. Ashford, R.P. Lane and David A. Evans (England) for their encouragement and valuable guidance. My sincerest thanks are also due to respected Joanna Kapusta (BMNH), Linda Huddleston (BMNH), Dr. Farrukh Muddabar (WHO), Prof. Dr. J.P. Dedet (France) and Prof. Dr.V.N. Neronov (Russia) for providing me literature on sandflies.
REFERENCES
- Adler, S. and O. Theodor, 1926. On the minutus group of the genus Phlebotomus in Palestine. Bull. Entomol. Res., 16: 399-405.
CrossRef - Kirk, R. and D.J. Lewis, 1946. The Taxonomy of the Ethiopian sandflies (Phlebotomus) II. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 40: 117-129.
PubMed - Theodor, O., 1948. Classification of the old world species of the subfamily Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull. Entomol. Res., 39: 85-115.
PubMed - Sinton, J.A., 1930. Some new species and records of Phlebotomus from Africa. Indian J. Med. Res., 18: 171-193.
Direct Link - Johnson, P.T., E. McConnell and M. Hertig, 1963. Natural infections of leptomonad flagellates in Panamanian Phlebotomus sandflies. Exp. Parasitol., 14: 107-122.
PubMed - Killick-Kendrick, R., Y. Tang, M. Killick-Kendrick, R.N. Johnson and P.M. Ngumbi et al., 1994. Phlebotomine sandflies of Kenya (Diptera: Psychodidae) III: The identification and distribution of the species of the subgenus Larroussius. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 88: 183-196.
Direct Link - Lawyer, P.G., Y.B. Mebrahtu, P.M. Ngumbi, P. Mwanyumba and J. Mbugua et al., 1991. Phlebotomus guggisbergi (Diptera: Psychodidae), a vector of Leishmania tropica in Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 44: 290-298.
Direct Link - Kirk, R. and D.J. Lewis, 1951. Phlebotominae of the Ethiopian region. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 102: 383-510.
CrossRef