Research Article
Folding Model Analysis to Calculate Differential Cross Sections for the (16O, 12C) System
Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority, Palestine
INTRODUCTION
The Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) calculations have been widely used in studying the direct nuclear reactions (Al-Farra, 2003; Assad and Ashour, 2007). For most cases the DWBA is one step process (Mermaz et al., 1983). Therefore, several descriptions have been introduced to explain the general features of heavy-ion reactions (Bilwes et al., 1987; Farra and Assad, 2004). The prominent gross structures of different transfer reactions have been analyzed in the whole angle region with qualitative agreement using both of surface transparent ion-ion potential and dynamic alpha particle transfer polarization potential (Filho et al., 1989). In some heavy-ion reactions, such as 24Mg(16O,12C)28Si oscillatory structure often appears in the whole angle region in the differential cross section (Linhua et al., 1985). This anomalous phenomenon, unexpected from ordinary DWBA theory, is explained by an alpha transfer process between two unidentical nuclear cores. The folding model can well reproduce the strong dependence of the total reaction cross section on the incident energy (Yang et al., 2002). Both zero-range and finite-range exchange parts of nucleon-nucleon NN interactions have been considered in the folding procedure (Zhang et al., 2009) to calculate the fusion cross section of 16O+208Pb system. The differential cross sections of 16O-16O and 12C-12C system reactions (Jain and Shastry, 1979) have been calculated in terms of DWBA calculations, using double folding potential, where the nuclear part of the optical potential is quite sensitive to the shape of the density distribution. Elastic scattering of the two-neutron halo nucleus, 6He, on 12C target at 38.3 and 41.6 MeV/nucleon has been analyzed in the framework of the double-folding optical model (El-Azab et al., 2008). It has been shown that the obtained potential by folding a nucleon-nucleon interaction (Perez, 1973) into the ion densities gives a good description of the real part of the optical potential for 6Li-6Li scattering between 9 and 16 MeV center of mass.
In the present study, the differential cross section of heavy-ion reactions with α-transfer reactions have been calculated in term of one step DWBA calculations using folding potential. The calculated differential cross section are fitted with the experimental data to extract spectroscopic factors.
Nuclear optical potential [Vopt(r)]: Here, the differential cross section for stripping reaction 16O-12C system has been evaluated in the framework of one step DWBA calculations. The optical potential Vopt(r) may thus be written as:
Vopt(r) = VN(r) + VC(r) + VS.O.(r) | (1) |
where, VN(r) is the complex nuclear part of the potential, VC(r) is the electrostatic potential (ESP) between the interacting bodies and VS.O.(r) is a spin-orbital interaction which is to be included where spin-orbital is important (Jain and Shastry, 1979).
Table 1: | Optical potential parameters used in the DWBA calculations |
In this study, we shall consider the problem of evaluating the potentials VN(r) and VC(r) for nucleus-nucleus system and Coulomb potential, respectively. The total optical potential is thus (Jain and Shastry, 1979).
Vopt(r) = (V + iW) VN(r) + VC(r) | (2) |
where, V and W are strength parameters of the real and imaginary parts, respectively (Yosio and Taro, 1984), given by:
(3) |
where, the parameters Vo, Rv and av are the strength, radius and diffuseness of the real potential, while the parameters Wo, Rw and aw describe the imaginary part which are determined by fitting scattering reaction of the corresponding interaction of two heavy-ions.
The necessary parameters of the optical potential (Linhua et al., 1985; Chengqun et al., 1988; Guozhu et al., 1984) are shown in Table 1. The Coulomb potential due to a uniform charge sphere of radius Rc is given by:
(4) |
The interaction radii have the form:
(5) |
where, rv = rw = 1.18 fm and rc is shown in Table 1.
where, VN (r) is the nucleus-nucleus potential reaction (Jain and Shastry, 1979) and given by:
(6) |
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To show, how sensitivity of the folding optical potential effects the differential cross section, we studied the effect of the folding optical potential as follows:
Table 2: | Parameters of Gaussian potential |
The differential cross section has been numerically carried out for 24Mg(16O, 12C) 28Si reaction at 27.8, 36.2 MeV, 16O (16O, 12C) 20Ne reaction at 22.75 Mev and 28Si (16O, 12C) 32S reaction at 26.23 Mev. The nuclear interactions describing the particle-nucleus bound states are represented by double Gaussian potentials (Chengqun et al., 1988).
(7) |
where, VRi>0 and VAi<0 are the strengths of the repulsive and attractive terms, respectively, while aRi and aAi are their decay factors. These parameters are shown in Table 2.
The bound-state wavefunctions between the particles i and j in the initial and final channels are described by a harmonic- oscillator function (Linhua and Guozhu, 1988), which is given by:
(8) |
where, ai is the oscillator length parameter.
The differential cross section for the stripping reaction with particle transfer is described by a clear form (Al-Farra, 2003) which is given by:
(9) |
where, the μs and Ks are the reduced masses and asymptotic wave numbers and Ii is the total angular momentum of ith particle. The post-formulation DWBA transition amplitude has the form:
(10) |
where, and are the distorted wave functions in the initial and final channels, respectively and Vij is the interaction potential between the particle i and j, the index c refer to the transfer particle, while is the optical potential generating the distorted waves.
Fig. 1: | The differential cross-section of the 24Mg (16O, 12C) 28Si α-transfer reaction at 27.8 Mev incident energy leading to 0.0 28Si excited state. The dashed curve (folding model) is the present calculation. The solid curve is (WS+JD). The dotted line is the earlier study (WS+WS) and the dots are the experimental data taken from reference (Guozhu et al., 1984) |
As could be done in such calculations, we have used the differential cross section without considering a spin-orbit coupling term (Satehler, 1964). Generally, the present spectroscopic factor are extracted from the relation:
(11) |
where, N is the normalization factor for the reaction (Al-Farra, 2003).
The parameters of the optical potential are taken as those used in the earlier calculations shown in Table 1. These parameters are found to reproduce the forward angles data reasonably well, but they dont fit the data at large angles. Therefore, the present optical potential (folding model) obtains the best fit to the data.
Fig. 2: | The differential cross-section of the 24Mg (16O, 12C) 28Si α-transfer reaction at 36.2 Mev incident energy leading to 0.0 28Si excited state. The dashed curve (folding model) is the present calculation. The solid curve is (WS+JD). The dotted line is the earlier study (WS+WS) and the dots are the experimental data taken from reference (Sanders et al., 1985) |
The result obtained for the differential cross sections are shown in Fig. 1-4 by the dashed lines are compared with the previous calculations dotted lines employing, the solid curves (Farra, 2003) who used real and imaginary Wood Saxon and J-dependent, respectively (WS+JD) optical potentials, dotted line (Kurath, 1973), who used the (WS+WS) optical and experimental data points. Generally, the present calculations using folding model potential provide a substantially better description of the phase and magnitude of the angular distributions than the previous calculations.
The result obtained for the angular distribution of 24Mg(16O, 12C)28 at incident energy 27.8 and 36.2 MeV is shown in Fig. 1 and 2, respectively, where the dashed curve is the present calculation (folding model) is compared with the previous (WS+JD) optical potential (solid curve), (WS+WS) optical potential (dotted line) and the experimental data dots (Guozhu et al., 1984) in Fig. 1 and (Chengqun et al., 1988) in Fig. 2.
Fig. 3: | The differential cross-section of the 16O(16O, 12C)20Ne α-transfer reaction at 22.75 Mev incident energy leading to 0.0 20Ne excited state. The dashed curve (folding model) is the present calculation. The solid curve is (WS+JD). The dots are the experimental data taken from reference (Chengqun et al., 1988) |
In this study, the differential cross sections of 24Mg (16O, 12C)Si 28, 16 O(16O, 12C)20Ne and 28Si(16O, 12C)32S heavy ion reactions with α transfer have been estimated reasonably well using simple one-step DWBA calculations. The numerical calculations are carried out to find the angular distributions of this reaction. As shown in Fig. 1-4, it is clear that the present optical potential gives a better data fitting than the other optical potentials. In Fig. 1 and 2, it can be seen that the data of 24Mg(16O, 12C)Si28, at incident 27.8 MeV the angular distribution, of our calculation gives better fit than the (WS+SW) optical potential and less fitting compared to (WS+JD). But at 36.2 MeV incident energy, the present optical potential is noticeably nearly good and significantly better than the previous work in both forward and backward angles. In Fig. 3, shows the data of 16O (16O, 12C) 20Ne reaction at 22.75 Mev incident energy. It is clear that using the folding model gives the same as the earlier study, where the data are good at small angles and not fit at large angles.
Fig. 4: | The differential cross-section of the 28Si (16O, 12C) 32S α-transfer reaction at 26.23 Mev incident energy leading to 0.0 32S excited state. The dashed curve (folding model) is the present calculation. The solid curve is (WS+JD). The dotted line is the earlier study (WS+WS) and the dots are the experimental data taken from reference (Linhua and Gouzhu, 1988) |
Table 3: | Extracted spectroscopic factors |
Finally, the 28Si (16O, 12C)32S reactions, shown in Fig. 4, using folding model behaves well for the forward angles as the same as the use of (WS+SW) and (WS+JD), but better at large angles.
In conclusion, the present study show that the one-step DWBA calculations using folding model are found to be appropriate to reproduce the cross-sections and capable of producing realistic predictions of the angular distribution at large angles region and better the earlier calculations. Finally, the spectroscopic factor is shown in Table 3.