International Journal of Cancer Research1811-97271811-9735Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ijcr.2008.28.40WilliamsD.S. VergheseM. WalkerL.T. BoatengJ. ShackelfordL.A. GuytonM. JonesJ. KhatiwadaJ. ChawanC.B. 2200842This study was designed to evaluate the anticarcinogenic
effect of Flax Seed Meal (FSM) (10 and 20%) and Flax Seed Oil (FSO) (7
and 14%) on Azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors in Fisher 344 male
rats during initiation (I), promotion (P) and Initiation + Promotion (I+P)
stages of carcinogenesis. After an acclimatization period of 1 week, 14
groups of Fisher 344 male weanling rats, 3-4 week old (15 per group) were
assigned to 2 control groups fed AIN 93G diet and AIN 93G + 14% soybean
oil (SBO) (high fat control). The remaining 12 groups were assigned to
10 and 20% FSM (I, P and I+P) and 7 and 14% FSO (I, P and I+P). All rats
received 16 mg kg-1 body weight of AOM at 7 and 8 week of age.
At 20 weeks of age all animals were switched to AIN-93 M diets and at
45 week of age all rats were killed by CO2 asphyxiation. Tumor
incidence (%) in colon of rats fed C (7 and 14%) was both 100. Tumor incidences
for rats fed FSO (7 and 14%) at I, P and I+P were: 100, 100, 61, 60, 58
and 61, respectively and 80, 80, 66.6, 66.6, 66.6 and 31, respectively
for rats fed FSM (10 and 20%) at I, P and I+P. Tumors per tumor-bearing
ratios for groups fed C; 10 and 20% FSM (I, P and I + P) were 3.86, 1.28,
1.70, 1.75 and 1.0, 0.94, 0.64, respectively. In rats fed C (7 and 14%)
and 7 and 14% FSO (I, P and I + P) T/TBR ratios were 3.86, 5.96; 1.4,
0.6, 0.6; 1.90, 0.8, 0.8, respectively. Glutathione-S-Transferase activity
(a phase II detoxification enzyme) was significantly (p<0.05) higher
in rats fed 10 and 20% FSM and 7 and 14% FSO compared to controls. The
results of this study indicate that bioactive phytochemicals such as dietary
fiber and lignans such as secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) found
in flax seed meal and essential fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid
(ALA) found in flax seed oil suppress colon tumors, particularly at the
promotion stage and flax seed products may therefore be effective chemopreventive
agents.]]>American Cancer Society,20051st Edn.,Bartoli, R., F. Fernandez-Banares, E. Navarro, E. Castella and J. Mane et al., 20002 synthesis.]]>46191199Burkitt, D.P.,197128313Caygill, C.P., A. Charlett and M.J. Hill,199674159164Chang, W., R. Chapkin and J.R. Lupton, 199718721730Chen, H.W., J. Yang, C.W. Tsai, J.J. Wu, L.Y. Sheen, C.C. Ou and C.K. Lii, 2001450 2B1 and the placental form of glutathione s-transferase expression in rats.]]>13114381443Chen, J., K. Tan, W. Ward and L. Thompson, 2003228951958Chen, J., E. Hui, T. Ip and L. Thompson, 20041077037711Crawford, M., C. Galli, F. Visioli, A. Simopoulos and A. Spector, 200044263265Cunnane, S.C., G. Sujata, M. Chantale, L. Andrea, M. Hamadeh, Z. Chen, M.S. Thomas and D. Jenkins, 1993Linum usitatissitnum): Some nutritional properties in humans.]]>2443453Diederichsen, A. and K. Richards, 2003Linum L. Taxonomy and Gerplasm Conservation.]]>2003pp: 22-54pp: 22-54Dixon, L.B., H. Balder, M. Virtanen, B. Rashidkhani and S. Männisto et al.,20048010031011Giovannucci, E. and B. Goldin, 1997661564S1571SGonzalez, E., R. Roetzheim, J. Ferrante and R. Campbell, 200144251258Guengerich, F.P. and T. Shimada,19914391407Jaiswal, M., N. LaRusso, L. Burgart and G. Gores, 200060184190Kensler, T., 1997105965970Lagares-Garcia, J., R. Moore, B. Collier, M. Heggere, F. Diaz and F. Qian, 200167709713Larsson, S., M. Kumlin, M. Ingelman-Sundberg and A. Wolk, 200479935945Markowitz, S.D., L. Myeroff, M.J. Cooper, J. Traicoff and M. Kochera et al.,199453 tumor suppressor gene.]]>9310051013Pickett, C. and A.Y.H. Lu, 198958743764Reddy, B.S. and A.K.M. Shamsudden, 199535175190Reddy, B.S., R. Hamid and C. Rao,19971813711374Reeves, P.G., F.H. Nielsen and G.C. Fahey Jr.,199312319391951Shackelford, L.A., D.R. Rao, C.B. Chawan and S.R. Pulusani,19835159164Sheng, H., Y. Hirose, K. Hata, Q. Zheng, T. Kuno, N. Asano, Y. Yamada, A. Hara, T. Osawa and H. Mori, 20072466368Simopoulos, A.P., 199970560S569SStehr, S. and A. Heller, 200633718 (In Press)Takemura, N., K. Takahashi, H. Tanaka, Y. Ihara and A. Ikemoto,200276657663Vaisey-Genser, M. and D.H. Morris, 20032003pp: 1-21pp: 1-21Williams, D., M. Verghese, L.T. Walker, J. Boateng, L. Shackelford and C.B. Chawan, 2006344 male rats.]]>45153159WHO (World Health Organization), 20021st Edn.,pp: 575pp: 575