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Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances

Year: 2014 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 3 | Page No.: 164-176
Review Article

Coronavirus Infection in Equines: A Review

K. Dhama
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), 243122, India
R.V.S. Pawaiya
Division of Animal Health, Central Institute on Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), 281122, India
S. Chakraborty
Department of Animal Resources Development, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, 799006, India
R. Tiwari
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay, Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan VishwaVidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), 281001, India
M. Saminathan
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), 243122, India
A.K. Verma
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay, Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan VishwaVidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), 281001, India
Coronaviruses are positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses causing a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals including poultry and rodents. Based on antigenic and genetic similarities coronaviruses have been subdivided into 3 major antigenic groups. They infect and produce disease in multiple species of animals, human beings (group 1 and 2) and birds (group 3). Equine coronavirus (ECV) causes enteritis in foals. Complete genome of first ECV isolate NC99 strain has been recently sequenced. Cytolytic nature of the virus is responsible for occurrence of lesions in the small intestine, thereby causing diarrhea. Demonstration of Coronavirus antigens in clinical samples is test of choice for diagnosis. By electron microscopy (negative staining) Coronavirus like particles can be identified in fecal samples. Coronavirus antigen in fecal samples can be detected by antigen capture enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Molecular detection tool like reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has made the diagnosis more accurate. Virus characterization along with genogrouping has become easier these days with the advent of proteomics and phylogenetic studies. Currently, no vaccine is available for ECV. Biosecurity measures if adopted strictly prevent the disease. The present review highlights the salient features of the Coronavirus in general with special reference to ECV and the disease it causes in equines, its epidemiology, diagnosis and appropriate prevention and control measures to be adopted. The review would be helpful for understanding the virus/disease in a better way and alleviating economic losses to the equine/stud farm owners.
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